Transports are no different than other units in this game as regards casualties. They don’t need to be taken last, and they are not automatically destroyed when alone. If you choose to sacrifice your warships to protect your transports, they can retreat if they survive.
Fighters landing on foreign carriers
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I have some questions:
- With LHTR i’m allowed to land planes in sea zones where i’m going to build a carrier. I assume this is also true, if the sea zone is occupied by enemy surface ships?
- If I build a carrier in an enemy controlled sea zone, can my allies land on this carrier in non combat movement or do they have to fight?
- May I move a fighter 4 spaces to this seazone to attack enemy ships in there?
- if true, what happends, if i retreat? Can the planes land on the (foreign) carrier or are they going to die?
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- With LHTR i’m allowed to land planes in sea zones where i’m going to build a carrier. I assume this is also true, if the sea zone is occupied by enemy surface ships?
Yes.
- If I build a carrier in an enemy controlled sea zone, can my allies land on this carrier in non combat movement or do they have to fight?
They can land in noncombat movement.
- May I move a fighter 4 spaces to this seazone to attack enemy ships in there?
Yes.
  - if true, what happends, if i retreat? Can the planes land on the (foreign) carrier or are they going to die?
They can land on the carrier.
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I guess, with the exception of the first, this is valid for original revised rules, too?
Thx for the quick answer
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Yes.
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can my allies land on this carrier […] Can the planes land on the (foreign) carrier or are they going to die?
They can land on the carrier.
Purely as a hypothetical question, what would happen if somebody tried (for some inexplicable reason) to land a plane on a foreign enemy carrier as opposed to a foreign allied carrier? Would this move simply be disallowed? Or would the plane be considered destroyed / captured?
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It’s not allowed.